Problemimiz

Problem:
İngilizce eğitimi almak isteyip, fırsatı olmayan ya da imkanları yetersiz olan insanların İngilizce öğrenememeleri.

Çözüm:
Blog ve Facebook sayfamız bireylere yardımcı olacaktır. Yazılı ve videolu anlatımla gramer konularını işledik. Çeşitli uygulamalar ve alıştırmalarla konuları pekiştirdik.

Ders Hedeflerimiz:

• Bireylerin okuma, dinleme, konuşma ve yazma becerilerini etkin bir şekilde geliştirmelerini sağlamak,
• Kişilere İngilizce’yi doğru ve akıcı bir şekilde kullanabilme yetkinliğini kazandırmak,
• Kursa gitmeye fırsat veya imkanı olmayan insanların İngilizce öğrenmelerine katkıda bulunmak.

Renkler ve edatlar

Sayılar

Online testler

Test 1

Test2

Test3

Başarılar...

Future contınuous tense

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 Form Of Present Perfect Tense WILL BE + VING POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM S + will be + Ving + O S + will not be + Ving + O Will + S + be + Ving + O I will be working at 9 tomorrow. I will not be working at 9 tomorrow. Will you be working at 9 tomorrow ? • Don’t call me between five and seven. I will be studying for an exam tomorrow. • This is my last month in this city. This time next month , I will be living in Paris. • I will be watching my favourite TV program this time tomorrow evening. • When your plane arrives at the airport tonight, I will be waiting for you. • At 8:00 this morning, I will be washing the car. • Our plane will be taking off in a few minutes. • At this time next week, we will be lying on the beach. • When I get up tomorrow morning , the sun will be shinning. 1.2 Use Of Present Perfect Continuous Tense Future Continuous Tense, gelecekte belirli bir zamanda, (henüz tamamlanmamış ) bir eylemin devam ediyor olacağını anlatırken kullanılır. Daha detaylı anlatılacak olursa; a) Gelecekte devam ediyor olacak eylemlerde Future Continuous kullanılır. • This is my last year at this university. This time next year, I will be working at a bank. • Don’t call me between seven and eight. I will be having dinner then. • We will be playing football at this time tomorrow evening. • When you are in Australia will you be staying with friends? • At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract b) Gelecekte mormal olarak gerçekleşmesi beklenen, ya da gerçekleşecek eylemler için kullanılır. • I will be seeing Jim at the club next Thursday. • I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops • Will you be using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it. • I'll be seeing Jane this evening - I'll give her the message c) Soru yapısında, özellikle “ you” ile kullanıldığında, basit bir bilgi sorusunu davetten ayırmak için kullanılır. • Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information) • Will you come to the party? (= invitation) • Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight? • Will Alan be coming with us? d) Birinin gelecekteki eylem ya da hislerini tarif etmek için kullanılır.: • • You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect.. • You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun. • He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect. • You'll be missing the sunshine when you're back in England.

Future perfect tense

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

1.1 Form Of Future Perfect Tense WILL HAVE + V3 POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM S + will have + V3 + O S + will not have + V3 + O Will + S + have + V3 + O I will have finished the work by 7 o’clock. I will not have finished the work by 7 o’clock. Will you have finished the work by 7 o’clcok ? • I will have left Ankara by the time you receive this letter. • They will have completed the bridge by the end of the year. • I save $500 a month. This is February. By next July I will have saved $3000 • We got married in 1980. It’s 2000 now. By 2010 we will have been married for 30 years . • I hope I will have finished this report by the end of the day. • We will already have eaten dinner by the time you join us. 1.2 Form Of Future Perfect Continuous Tense POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM S + will have +been+VING + O S + will not have + been +VING + O Will + S +have+been + VING+ O By 7 o’clock, I will have been working for 9 hours. By 7 o’clock, I will not have been working for 9 hours Will you have been working for 9 hours by 7 o’clock ?  • He will have been working for this company for 35 years by next October. • By the time we get to Istanbul, I will have been driving for more than 8 hours. • By the end of this week, I will have been waiting for seventeen weeks for my phone to be repaired. • We will have been flying non-stop for forteen hours before we get to Hawaii. 1.3 Use Of Future Perfect(Simple) & Future Perfect Continuous a) Future Perfect Tense, bir eylemin gelecekte belirli bir zamanda tamamlanmış olacağını ifade etmek için by, by the time, and not …..till/until ile kullanılır Future Perfect Tense , complete, finish, retire gibi tamamlanmışlık, bitmişlik ifade eden fiiller ile kullanılır. • I will graduate in May. I will see you in September. By the time I see you in September, I will have graduated. • I will have finished the project by the time you arrive at the office tomorrow morning. • She will have prepared the dinner by the time we get home. • The scientists will have found the cure for cancer by 2030. b) The Future Perfect Continuous tense gelecekte bir eylemin , başka bir eylemden önce devam edeceğini ve bu devem edecek olan eylemin süresini belitmek için kullanılıur. The Future Perfect Continuous learn, lie, live rain, sit, wait and work gibi , devamlılık ifade eden fiilerle kullanıldığında, şu anda devam etmekte olan eylemin, gelecekte de devam ediyor olacağını ifade eder. • I will start working at 10am. Pam will get to the office at 2 pm. I will have been working for four hours by the time Pam get to the office. • They will have been watching the film for 30 minutes by the time we arrive at the cinema. • I was born in 1975 and it’s 2001 now. By 2040, I will have been living for 65 years. c) Bazen the Future Perfect ve the Future Perfect Continuous , aşağıdaki örneklerde olduğu gibi aynı anlama gelir. HHer iki zamanda da belirtilen aktivitenin , gemişte başlamış olabileceğini de unutmayınız. • When Mr.Lane retires next month, he will have worked for our company for 40 years. • When Mr.Lane retires next month, he will have been working for our company for 40 years.

Past contınuous tense

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

 

1.1 Form Of The Past Continuous tense a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences was / were + -ing I HE SHE IT was eating hamburger was having breakfast was playing football YOU WE THEY were eating hamburger were having breakfast were playing football • John went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00 he was sleeping. • The children were playing in the garden at 9 o’clock in the morning. • We were watching TV at 7 yesterday evening. • My father was drinking coffee while I was sleeping. • Mom was cooking lunch in the kitchen when I went home. b) Negative Sentences I HE SHE IT was not eating hamburger was not having breakfast was not playing football YOU WE THEY were not eating hamburger were not having breakfast were not playing football Past Continuous Tense olumsuz cümlelerinde, be ( was / were) yardımcı fiiline not eklenir. • Robert was not studying (Robert wasn’t studying) • The baby was not sleeping. (The baby wasn’t sleeping) • They were not listening to music. (They weren’t listening to music) • I was not dancing. (I wasn’t dancing) • She was not writing a letter. (She wasn’t writing a letter.) • My mother was not making a cake (My mother wasn’t making a cake) • We were not working. (We weren’t working.) c) Question Sentences Was I he she it eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football? Were we you they eating hamburger? having breakfast? playing football? Soru cümlelerinde WAS,WERE yardımcı fiilleri öznenin önünde (cümle başında) kullanılır. Fillere –ing takısı eklenir. • Was Jane sleeping in her room? • Were the students studying in the library? • Was the boss speaking on the phone at that moment? • Were you going to the supermarket? • Was the secretary typing the letters? 1.2 Use Of The Past Continuous Tense a) The past continuous tense geçmişte belirli bir zamanda devam etmekte olan bir eylemi ifade eder. • At this time last week we were lying on the beach. • My father was working in the garage so he didn't hear the telephone when I called him yesterday. • I took my car to the mechanic yesterday because it wasn’t working properly. • Sorry, I wasn't listening. Can you say it again please? • What were you doing at 8 o'clock yesterday? • Why were you talking to John when I saw you in the cafeteria yesterday? • I went home early yesterday. Mon was still cooking the dinner. b) Past continuous tense,simple past tense ile kullanıldığında, bir eylem devam ederken, diğer bir eylemin de olduğunu ifade eder.. Aşağıdaki örneklerin her birinde, the basit eylem (past simple) daha uzun bir eylemin (past continuous) tam ortasında gerçekleşir. • You phoned while I was having a bath. • When I got home yesterday, a cat was sitting on the roof. • It started to rain just as we were getting ready to have our picnic. • The boy was standing on the table when the principal came into the room. • Many people were shopping in the market when the bomb exploded. • When I went to bed last night the sun was already beginning to rise. • It was lucky we weren't sitting under that tree when the lightning hit. • What were you doing when the lights went off last night? • Were you watching me when I showed you how to do it? • How fast was she driving when she had the accident? 1.2 Using Time Clauses in Past Continuous Tense When - While - As a) while,when,as ,time clause( zaman cümleciği) daki eylem continuous yapıda iken kullanılır.. When While     I was walking down the street, I saw an old friend of mine. As b) while and as time clause( zaman cümleciği) daki eylem simple past ise asla kullanılmaz. INCORRECT: While I came home, my sister was talking on the phone. INCORRECT: As I came home, my sister was talking on the phone.

 

Past perfect tense

PAST PERFECT TENSE

1.1 Form Of Past Perfect Tense HAD + V3   POSITIVE FORM NEGATIVE FORM QUESTION FORM S + had + V3 + O S + had not + V3 + O Had + S + V3 + O I had finished the work by 7 o’clock. I had not finished the work by 7 o’clock. Had you finished the work by 7 o’clock ? • When I got to the garage, the mechanic had fixed the car. • My sister had just left by the time I arrived home. • The meeting had already started by the time the press came. • We had just sat down to dinner when the phone rang. • I had just left the elevetor when the electricity went out. • I was sure that I had never seen that man before. 1.2 Use Of Past Perfect Tense a) The Past Perfect geçmişte bir eylemden önce tamamlanmış olan bir başka eylemi ifade ederken kullanılır. • When I got home yesterday, my mother had already cooked the dinner. • By the time we got to the theatre, the play had already started. • When Sam was born, I had been a doctor for 10 years. • My son had already learnt how to read by the time he started the primary school. • The hotel had just been robbed by the time the police arrived. • I had read a lot about Scotland before I went there. b) Cümlede before ya da after kullanılıyor ise, hangi eylemin daha önce gerçekleştiği zaten belli olduğu için past perfect kullanımı gereksizdir. Bu cümlelerde past perfect yerine simple past kullanımı anlam farkına neden olmaz. • After the meeting (had) finished, everybody went home. • Jack (had) left before I got to the office. • Before Mrs. Green went to bed, she had taken her sleeping pill. ( or “ took her sleeping pill) • After the old man (had) died, the doctor came. NOTE: BY THE TIME , kullanıldığı past perfect cümlelerde bir eylemin, geçmişte başka bir eylem gerçekleşmeden önce hali hazırda tamamlanmış olduğunu belirtmek için kullanılır. • By the time Susan arrived, we had already finished the work. • They had already eaten everything by the time we went to the restaurant.

Present Continuous tense

                        PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 Form Of Simple Present Tense

a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences

am,is,are + -ing

I
am eating hamburger
am having breakfast
am playing football

HE
SHE
IT

is eating hamburger
İs having breakfast
is playing football

YOU
WE
THEY

are eating hamburger
are having breakfast
are playing football

• Sam is working at this office right now.
• The children are playing in the garden at the moment.
• We are watching TV now.
• My father is drinking coffee right now.
• She is cooking lunch in the kitchen now.
• I am practicing my English at the moment.


b) Negative Sentences

I

am not eating hamburger
am not having breakfast
am not playing football

HE
SHE
IT

is not eating hamburger
İs not having breakfast
is not playing football

YOU
WE
THEY

are not eating hamburger
are not having breakfast
are not playing football


Present Continuous tense olumsuz yapısında, BE (am, is, are) yardımcı fiilinden sonar ana fiilin önüne NOT eklenir.

• Robert is not studying at the moment. (Robert isn’t studying at the moment.)
• The baby is not sleeping now (The baby isn’t sleeping now)
• They are not listening to music. (They aren’t listening to music)
• I am not dancing. (I’m not dancing)
• She is not writing a letter at the moment. (She isn’t writing a letter at the moment.)
• My mother is not making a cake today. (My mother isn’t making a cake today)
• We are not working today. It’s holiday. (We aren’t working today. It’s holiday.)


c) Question Sentences


Am  I
eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?



Is  he  /she/ it

eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?


Are
we
you
they


eating hamburger?
having breakfast?
playing football?


Soru cümlelerinde, AM, IS, ARE yardımcı fiilleri cümlenin başında kullanılır Ana fiile –ING takısı eklenir.

• Is Jane sleeping in her room?
• Are the students studying in the library?
• Am I playing well?
• Is the boss speaking on the phone at the moment?
• Are you going to the supermarket?
• Is the secretary typing the letters right now?


1.2 Spelling Of Final –ing

ANA FİİL BİTİŞİ ------- -ING TAKISI


KURAL 1: Bir sessiz harf + -e ----------- -e düşer ve –ing eklenir.
dance ----------- dancing
ride ----------- riding
take ----------- taking



KURAL 2: Bir sesli + Bir sessiz haff ----------- Sessiz harf çift yazılır ve – ing eklenir.
cut ----------- cutting
plan ----------- planning
run ----------- running

NOTE: w,y, ve x harfleri çift yazılmaz.
snow --------- snowing
fix --------- fixing
pay --------- paying

KURAL 3: İki sesli + bir sessiz harf ---------- –ing eklenir; sessiz harf çift yazılmaz
keep --------- keeping
read --------- reading

KURAL 4: İki sessiz harf --------–ing eklenir; sessiz harf çift yazılmaz
sing--------- singing
wash ------ washing


1.3 Use Of Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous şu alanlarda kullanılır;

a) İçinde bulunduğumuz anda (konuşma anında) gerçekleşmekte olan ya da olmayan eylemlerden bahsederken ,
• You are using the Internet and you are studying grammar at the moment.
• My father is in the garage now. He is fixing the car.
• Mr. Taylor is painting the walls of his house right now.
• You are not swimming now.
• The children are watching television at present.
• What are you doing right now? Are you sleeping?
• Look! It’s snowing again .
• Shhhh! Your father is sleeping. Don’t disturb him.

b) İngilizce de “now” kelimesi “şu an, bugün,bu ay,bu yıl,bu yüzyıl” gibi birçok anlam verebilir. Bazen şu anda aktif olarak yapmıyor olsak bile, süreç olarak içinde bulunduğumuz eylemlerden bahsederken Present Continuous kullanırız. Örneğin “ karate öğreniyorum” diyen bir kişinin, konuşurken karate yapması beklenemez.


• I am reading the book “ War and Peace” now.
• Are you working on any special project at the company at the moment.
• She is eating a lot these days.
• The government is currently working on a new tax system.


c) geçici eylem ve durumlardan bahsederken;
• He usually listens to classical music, but he is listening to hard rock this evening.
• She will rent a flat, but for the time being she is staying with her sister.


d) "always" "constantly" or “ forever” kelimeleri ile kullanıldığında, Present Continuous Tense rahatsız edici hoş olmayan bir eylemden yakınma anlamı verir. Anlam olarak Simple present tense!i andırsa de , olumsuz duygu içerir. "always" “forever” or "constantly" kelimeleri cümlede "be" ve "verb+ing." Arasında yer alırlar.
• I hate my brother. He is always wearing my shirts without asking me.
• Mary is always late for work. Someone should warn her.
• She is constantly speaking. I wish she would shut up.
• Please change the subject! You are forever talking about your father-in-law.

1.4 COMMON TENSE MARKERS

at the moment / now
The students are studying in the classroom at the moment / now.
at present At present all the farmers in the village are harvesting their crops.
for the time being My father will buy a new car soon. For the time being he is using mine.
currently UNESCO is currently holding its annual assembly in Paris.
While / When While the children are plaing in the garden, I will wash the car.
Look! , Listen! Etc. Listen! Somebody is following us.


1.5 Using Present Continuous Tense For Future

Present Continuous Tense önceden planlanmış gelecek zaman eylemlerinden bahsederken kullanılır. Bu yapıdaki gelecek zaman eylemleri kesinlikle yapılacak olan eylemlerdir.

• I am meeting some friends after work.
• We are going to the cinema tonight. Are you coming?
• I am flying to Istanbul tomorrow morning.
• Are you visiting your grandparents next week?


1.6 Non-progressive ( Stative) verbs: Verbs which are not used in continuous form.

A continuous zaman yapıları bir eylemin fiziksel ve görsel olarak yapıldığını gösterirler. Dolayısıyla soyut düşünmek, sevmek, anlamak, sahip olmak gibi soyut anlamlı fiiller continuous (be+ -ing) yapısında kullanılamazlar. Bu fiiler Simple Tense ile ifade edilirler . Örneğin “I love you” Simple Present tense ile yazılmasına rağmen “ Seni seviyorum “ diye çevrilir.

MENTAL STATE know, realize, understand, recognize
believe, feel, suppose, think
imagine, doubt, remember, forget
want, need, desire, mean

EMOTIONAL STATE love, like, appreciate, please, prefer
hate, dislike, fear, envy
mind,care
astonish, surprise, amaze

POSSESSION
have, belong, possess, own


SENSE PERCEPTION
taste, smell, hear, feel, see

OTHER STATIVE VERBS
look, seem, appear, sound, resemble, look like
cost, owe, weigh, equal
be, exist, matter,
consist of, include,contain


BU hem Continuous hem de Simple formda kullanılabilirler. Fakat bu farklı kullanım, anlam farklılılığına da yol açar.

THINK
(a) “What do you think about the new English teacher?” “ I think he is a nice man !”
(b) I am thinking about the exam tomorrow. It will be a difficult one.

(a) cümleside think, fikir gösteren soyut anlamlı bie fiildir. Kişilerin belli konularda fikir sahibi olmaları fiziksel bir durum değildir. (b) cümlesinde ise think , fiziksel ve görülebilir bir özelliği olan somut bir eylemdir. Örneğin birşey düşündüğünü görerek anladığımız bir kişiye “ Öyle derin derin ne düşünüyorsun” diye sorarız. Düşünme eylemi fiziksel bir durum olmuştur.

HAVE
(c) I have two cats and a dog. Do you have any pets?
(d) I am having a nice time in my speaking classes.


(c) Örneğinde “have” fiili sahip olmak anlamında asla continuous olarak kullanılamaz. (d) örneğinde ise “have” fiili iyi zamamn geçirmek, eylenmek anlamında somut bir yapıdadır.

SMELL
(e) All flowers smell nice.
(f) The little girl is smelling the flowers.

I(e) cümlesinde “smell” soyut bir eylemdirÇiçekler kokma eylemini fiziksel ve görülebilir bir şekilde yapmazlar. Bu bir durumdur. (f) cümlesinde is “smell” fiili aktif bir anlamdadır. Küçük kızın bu koklama eylemini fiziksel olarak yapması görülüp, başkalarına da gösterilebilir.


1.7 PRESENT CONTINUOUS vs SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Simple present Tense genel olarak eylemlerin düzenliliğinden bahseder. Bu eylemler genellenebilir ve kalıcı eylemlerdir. Öte yandan Present Continuous tense ise genellikle konuşma anında, ya da şimdiki zaman adı verilen zaman dilimnde gelişmekta olan ,geçici ve genellenemz eylemlerden bahseder.

(a) I usually watch TV in the evening.
(b) I am watching TV at the moment.

(a) cümlesinde kişinin muhtemelen her akşam düzenli olarak televizyon seyrettiğini anlayabilirsiniz.Cümleye bakarak bu eylem genellenebilir. (b) cümlesinde ise, o kişinin şu anda televizyon seyrediyor olması , kişinin aynı eylemi dün de yaptığı, ya da yarın da yapacağı gibi bir sonuç çıkartılamaz. Present Continuous tense ile anlatılan eylemler genellnemezler, o ana mahsusturlar.


1.8 AM / IS / ARE BEING + ADJECTIVE

Be+ an adjective yapısı bir durum gösterir..
• Jack is happy today.
• Kathy is beautiful and intelligent.

Bazen be + an adjective continuous olarak kullanılır. Bu tarz cümleler sadece konuşma anında geçerli olan bir niteleme yapar,genellenemez.. Örneğin aşağıdaki cümlede Tom’un kabalık yapması, onun herzaman kaba biri olduğu anlamında değil, o an için yaptığı eylemin kaba olduğunu göstermek içindir.

ADJECTIVES THAT CAN BE USED WITH AM/IS/ARE BEING

• bad, careful, cruel, fair, foolish, funny, generous
• good, illogical, impolite, irresponsible, kind, lazy, logical
• loud, nice, noisy, patient, pleasant, polite, quiet
• responsible, rude, serious, silly, unfair, unkind, unpleasant

• Shut up Tom! You shouldn’t shout at your mother.You are being very rude.
• Mary is being very funny today. She must be very happy about the coming holiday.

Önemli not: “ angry, beautiful, handsome, happy, healthy, hungry, lucky, nervous, old,sick, tall, thirsty, young ” sıfatları am/is/are + being yapısında kullanılamazlar.

Present perfect continuous tense

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 Form Of Present Perfect Tense a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences Have been/ Has been + VING HE SHE IT has been eating hamburger has been writting the letter I YOU WE THEY have been eating hamburger have been writting the letter In the positive sentence form of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense, helping verbs have been / has been + VING are used after the subject. • I have been watching TV since seven o’clock. • They have been playing football since morning. • Jim has been eating lunch for two hours. • I have been living in this city for 20 years. • My father has been teaching for 30 years. • It has been snowing all day. I wonder when it will stop. b) Negative Sentences HE SHE IT has not been eating hamburger hasn’t been writting the letter I YOU WE THEY have not been eating hamburger haven’t been writting the letter In the negative form of Present Perfect Continuous Tense, not is simply added to the sentence after the helping verbs has been / have been. • Mary hasn’t been working since afternoon. • They haven’t been living here since 1975. c) Question Sentences Has he she it been eating hamburger? been writting the letter? Have we you they been eating hamburger? been writting the letter? In question sentences, the helping verbs have / has are used in the beginning of the sentences. BEEN + VING is used after the subject. • Have you been running for two hours? • How long have you been working in this company? • Has she been studying? • What has your mother been doing since morning? 1.2 Use Of Present Perfect Continuous Tense a) The Present Perfect Continuous Tense indicates the duration of an activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has this meaning, it is used with time words such as since, for, all morning, all day, all week, etc. • I have been living in Ankara for 10 years. • It has been raining all day. • I have been working on this project for more than a year. • The children have been playing in the garden since morning. • How long has she been driving? She looks tired. b) When the present perfect continuous tense is used without any specific mention of time, it indicates a general activity in progress recently, lately. • My wife has been thinking about changing her car. • The students have been studying hard. The final exams start next week. • Tom’s clothes look very dirty. He has been painting the house. 1.3 Present Continuous Vs. Present Perfect Continuous Present Continuous tense expresses an activity happening at the moment of speaking. It never indicates the duration activity. CORRECT: I am running now. CORRECT : She is sleeping now. INCORRECT: I am running for 2 hours. INCORRECT: She is sleeping since 8:00 o’clock Present perfect tense,on the other hand, is used to express duration of an activity happening . It mostly answers the question HOW OFTEN? • I have been running for two hours. I am very tired now. • She has been sleeping since 8:00. She worked hard yesterday 1.4 Present Perfect Continuous Vs. Present Perfect While the present perfect simple is used to express completed actions and their results at present, present perfect continuous tense is most commonly used to indicate the duration of an activity. In other words, if it is important to express that the activity is completed, Present Perfect Simple is used; if it is important to express the duration and the activity itself, Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used. • I have cleaned the room. It’s clear now. • I have been cleaning the room since morning. • I have read 50 pages of this novel. It’s very exciting. • I have been reading this novel for a week. It’s very exciting. With certain verbs such as live, work, and teach, there is little or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used • I have lived here since 1990. or I have ben living here since 1990. • She has worked at the same company for five years. / She has been working at the same company for five years. Be careful about the non-progressive verbs, which cannot be used in continuous tenses. CORRECT : I have known Jim for ten years. INCORRECT : I have been knowing Jim for ten years.

Present perfect tense

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

1.1 Form Of Present Perfect Tense a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences Have / Has + V3 HE SHE IT has eaten hamburger has written the letter has washed the car I YOU WE THEY have eaten hamburger have written the letter have washed the car Present Perfect Tense’in olumlu cümle yapısında, özneden sonra have / has yardımcı fiileri ile V3 (past participle) kullanılır. • I have finished my work. • They have moved to a new apartment. • Jim has eaten lunch. • I have seen that movie before. • My father has washed the car. b) Negative Sentences HE SHE IT has not eaten hamburger has not written the letter has not washed the car I YOU WE THEY have not eaten hamburger have not written the letter have not washed the car Present perfect tense’ in olumsuz cümle yapılarında, has / have yardımcı fiilerine not eklenir ve V3 (past participle) kullanılır. • I have not seen Tom this morning. • The student’s have not finished their homework. • Maria has not washed the dishes • The secretary hasn’t typed the letter yet. • We haven’t received any messages from Jack this week. c) Question Sentences Has he she it eaten hamburger? written the letter? washed the car? Have we you they eaten hamburger? written the letter? washed the car? Soru cümlelerinde, have / has yardımcı fiilleri özneden önce, V3 özneden sonra kullanılır. • Have you visited your uncle this week? • Have you ever eaten Chinese food? • Has Tim drunk any beer? • Has she finished her work? • Have you ever been to Istanbul? 1.2 Present PerfectTense Nerlerde Kullanılır ? a) Present perfect tense, geçmişte, belirsiz bir zamanda, yapılmış ya da hiç yapılmamış bir eylemi ifade ederken kullanılır. Eylemlerin ne zaman yapıldığı Present Perfect Tense’de önemli değildir ve belirtilmez. Eğer geçmişte belirli bir zaman belirtilmesi gerekiyorsa, ya da eylemin ne zaman yapıldığı belirtilmek isteniyorsa, Simple Past Tense kullanılır. • They have moved to a new apartment. They moved there last week. • I have washed the car. (It is clean now!) • I have never seen such a big building. (All my life) • I have met Bill’s wife. I met her at a party last night. • Have you ever eaten at that restaurant yet? • I think I have seen that girl before. b) For , since, so far, up till now, untill now ile kullanıldığında present perfect tense geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devem etmekte olan bir eylemden bahsetmek için kullanılır. • I have been here since 9 o’clock. • They have been married for 25 years. • I have has this old car for 10 years. • She has done great work up to now. I think she will be promoted soon. • I haven’t seen my uncle since 1990. • Janet has been very busy with the new project for the last three months. • I have liked science-fiction films ever since I was a child. c) The present perfect tense geçmiş ve şimdiki zaman arasında, kesin zamanlar belirtmeksizin, tekrarlanmış olan eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır. • I have seen that movie four times. • I have met many new friends since I came here. • How many times have you been to France? • The telephone has rung six times since this morning. • The scientists have made many important inventions since 1900’s. d) Bahsedilen zaman dilimi henüz bitmemiş ise present perfect tense kullanılır. • I haven’t seen Tom this morning. (It’s still this morning) • My grandfather has written many novels. (He is still alive and writing novels) • It has rained a lot this year. • Jane hasn’t called me today. e) Present perfect tense çok kısa bir süre önce tamamlanmış,geçerliliğini hala koruyan eylemleri ifade etmek için kullanılır. • I have just eaten a sandwich. ( I am not hungry now) • Ouch! I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding. • My boss has gone to London. (He is there now) • The robbers have been put into the prison. (They are in prison now.) 1.3 Using SINCE and FOR Since bir eylemin geçmişte belirli bir zamanda başlayıp, şu ana kadar devam etmekte olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır.Since, bir saat, gün, ay ,yıl ya da geçmişte tamamlanmış bir eylem gibi, geçmiş zaman referansları veren zarf ya da zarf cümlecikleri ile kullanılır. SINCE + A SPECIFIC POINT IN THE PAST I have been in this city since + friday. june 1998 june 29, 1998  the beginning of this semester yesterday last week I got the scholarship • I have had this old car since 1990. • Alex has not eaten anything since breakfast. • Roger and I have known each other since last January. • I have met so many people since I came to this town last year. • Jane has worn her new blue jeans only twice since she bought them. For da present perfect tense ile kullanıldığıda, bir eylemin geçmişte başlayıp, şu ana kadar devam etmekte olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. For ile birlikte two minutes, three hours, four days, five years gibi zamanın uzunluğunu ifade eden yapılar kullanılır. FOR + A LENGTH OF TIME I have been in this city for + ten minutes. three hours ten days about eight years several weeks many years a long timey years • I have had this old car for 10 years. • Alex has not eaten anything for 8 hours. • Roger and I have known each other for a year. • Tom has worked on this project for a long time. • Jane has not worn her new blue jeans for five months. 1.3 Using ALREADY, YET, JUST, EVER and NEVER EVER 1. soru cümlelerinde • Have you ever been to Turkey ? • Has she ever met John? 2. olumsuz sorularda • Haven’t they ever been to Turkey? • Hasn’t she ever met John? 3. olumsuz yapılarda : nothing .......ever , nobody ........ever. • Nobody has ever climbed to that mountain before. • Nothing has ever been said to us. 4. “the first time .....” gibi yapılarda • This is the first time I have ever eaten Thai food. • It’s the first time I have ever been to England. 5. superlative yapılarda • Helen is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. • Istanbul is the most beautiful city I have ever been to? kullanılır. NEVER “daha önce hiç...” anlamında kullanılır. Never olumsuz bir zarf tır ve not ile birlikte kullanılmamalıdır. DOĞRU: I have never eaten caviar. DOĞRU: She has never failed any exams. YALNIŞ: I haven’t never eaten caviar. Or She hasn’t never failed any exams. ALREADY bir eylemin halihazırda ( beklenenden önce) yapılmış olduğunu ve artık yapılmasının gereksiz olduğunu ifade etmek içim kullanılır. • You don’t need to go to the post office. I have already posted the letters. • Don’t take the car to the mechanic.I have already fixed it. • Have you already finished your homework? • I have seen that movie already. YET bir eylemin şu ana kadar henüz yapılmamış olduğunu, ama gelelecekte yapılabileceğini ya da olabileceğini ifade etmek için kullanılır. Yet cümlenin sonunda kullanılır. • It’s 2:00 pm and I am very hungry. I haven’t eaten lunch yet. • Have you seen Eric yet? • Has he arrived yet? JUST eylemin daha çok kıza bir süre önce tamamlanığını, henüz olduğunu ifade etmek için kullanılır. • No, thanks. I have just eaten a sandwich. • They have just gone out. • Mr. Green has just called you.

 

Simple future tense

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

1.1 Form Of Simple Future Tense: WILL a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY will eat a hamburger ‘ll write the letter Olumlu cümle yapısında , bütün öznelerden sonar “will” yardımcı fiili ile birlikte fiillerin yalın halleri (V1) kullanılır. • I will finish my work in a few hours. • The train will leave the station at 11:00. • Jim will eat lunch at 12:00. • I will go to Istanbul tomorrow. • The weather will be rainy this afternoon. b) Negative Sentences I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY will not eat a hamburger won’t write the letter . Olumsuz cümle yapılarında, yardımcı fiile not eklenir. Fiilin yapısı değişmez; aynı kalır. • I will not see Tom this morning. • Mr. Charmers won’t come to work today. • They will not go to the cinema this weekend. • We won’t play football tomorrow. • Fred will not come to our party c) Question Sentences Will I you he she it we you they eat hamburger? write the letter? wash the car? Soru cümlelerinde, will yardımcı fiilicümlenin özneden once (cümle başında) kullanılır. Fiillerin yalın halleri ( V1)ise özneden sonar kullanılır. • Will you be at home tomorrow night? • Will the dinner be ready in a few minutes? • When will you see Mr. Chang? • Will you arrive in Manchester next week? 1.2 Form Of Simple Future Tense: BE GOING TO a) Affirmative (Positive) Sentences I am going to write the letter. wash the car. He She It is going to We You They are going to Bir diğer gelecek zaman yapısı olan “ be going to “ cümlelerinde, “ be going to” aynı will gibi cümlede yardımcı fiil görevini üstlenir. “ be going to” dan sonra da her zaman fiillerin yalın ( V1) halleri kullanılır. • I am going to eat lunch at 12:30 this afternoon. • She is going to watch the film on the TV after she finishes her homework. • Tom is studying hard. He is going to pass the test. • Mr. Watson is going to be here tomorrow. b) Negative Sentences I am not going to write the letter. wash the car. He She It is not going to We You They are not going to Olumsuz cümle yapılarında, “be going to “ yapısına “not” eklenerek “ be not going to “ elde edilir. • I didn’t study last night, and I am not going to study tonight either. • They are not going to play football this afternoon. • John is sick. He isn’t going to be in class tomorrow. • I have changed my plans. I am not going to fly to Istanbul this weekend. c) Question Sentences Am I going to write the letter? wash the car? Is He She it Are We You they Soru cümlelerinde “be” öznenin başına alınır. • Are you going to stay at home this weekend? • Is she going to watch TV this evening? • What are they going to do tomorrow? • Are you going to call me later? 1.3 Using Simple Future Tense: Will vs. Be Going To İngilizce’nin basit gelecek zaman( Simple FutureTense) anlatımlarında “will” ve “ be going to olmak üzere iki farklı yapı vardır. Bu yapılar bazen biribirlerini yerine kullanılabilmelerine rağmen, çoğu zaman oldukça farklı anlamlar da verebilirler. Bu anlam farklılıkları önceleri çok soyut ve anlaşılmaz gibi gözükseler de,zaman içinde yapılacak çalışmalar ile bu ayrım oldukça basit gelir. "will" and "be going to" yapılarının her ikisi de gelecekte belirli bir zamanı gösterirler. a) Using “will” to express a voluntary action / willingness Kişilerin bir eylemi başkası için gönüllü olarak, kendi istekleri ile yapmaları, bir yardım isteğine ya da ihtiyacına karşılık vermeleri üzerine olan durumlar “will” ile ifade edilir. Bu amlamda “be going to” yapısı kullanılmaz. Aşağıdaki cümlelerdeki eylemler planlanmış gelecek zaman eylemleri değillerdir. A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: These bags are so heavy! B: I'll help you. A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it. b) Using “will” in promises. Söz verirken, “ will” kullanılır. • Don’t worry! I will call you as soon as I arrive at the airport. • Thank you for lending me the money. I will pay it back on Friday. I promise! • I promise I will not tell him about the surprise birthday party. c) Using “be going to” to express an future plan. “ be going to “ ile lurulan gelecek zaman cümlelerinde birinin gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bir eylemi gerçekleştirmeye niyeti olduğu ya da bunu planladığı ifade edilir. Başka bir deyişle gelecekte yapmaya daha once karar verdiğimiz ,planlanmış eylemlerden bahsederken “ be going to” yapısı kullanılır. • I am tired of taking the bus to work. I am going to buy a car as soon as possible. • I bought some paint this morning. I am going to paint the garage tomorrow. • I am going to start making dinner before my wife gets home from work today. • We are going to wait here until Jessica comes. • When they get to the hotel, they are going to jump into the swimming pool. d) Using “be going to” and “will” to express predictions Gelecekte olacağını düşündüğümüz bir aylemden bahseserken,başka bir deyişle, tahminler yaparken, “will” ya da “be going to” kullanılabilir. • The weather reports say it will be sunny tomorrow. • Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. • Be careful. You will hurt yourself! • She is studying hard. She is going to pass the exam. • I think Fenerbahce Istanbul will become the champion this year. 1.4 Using Present Continuous for Future Bazen gelecek zamandan bahsederken present continuous tense kullanılır. Bu kullanımda anlam, “be going to “ yapısı ile tamamen aynıdır. Geleceğe yönelik kesin bir plan , karar ya da niyet belirten cümlelerde present continuous tense kulanılabilir. “go, come, arrive, stay, leave” fiileri present continuous tense’in gelecek zaman ifadelerinde sıklıkla kullanılır. Bu fiiler kesin planlar ifade ederler. Gelecekte planlanmış seyahat ifadelerinde kullanılan, fly, walk, ride, drive, take ( a taxi, a bus etc.) gibi fiiller de present continuous tense’de kullanılırlar. • Bill is coming to the meeting tomorrow. (= Bill is going to come to the meeting tomorrow.) • We are flying to Istanbul tonight. (= We are going to fly to Istanbul tomorrow.) • They are playing football this afternoon. (=They are going to play football this afternoon.) • I am leaving home tomorrow morning. (= I am going to leave home tomorrow morning.) 1.5 Using Simple Present for Future The simple present gelecekte belirli bir takvim ya da zaman tablosuna bağlı olarak düzenli olarak yapılmakta olan eylemlerdenbahasederken kullanılır. Simple present ‘in gelecek zaman ifadelerinde oldukça sınırlı sayıda fiil lullanılır: arrive, leave, start, begin, end, finish, open, close, be. • The bus leaves the station at 7:45 tomorrow morning. • The semester ends in two more weeks. • His new job starts next Friday. 1.6 Future Time Clauses with “Before, After, When” Zaman cümleciklerinde, ifade edilen zaman kavramı gelecek zaman olsa dahi, her zaman simple present tense kullanılır; future tense asla kullanılmaz. • DOĞRU: Before Mary goes to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast. YANLIŞ: Before Mary will go to school tomorrow, she will eat breakfast. • DOĞRU: After I eat dinner tonight, I will do my homework. YANLIŞ: After I will eat dinner tonight, I will do my homework • DOĞRU: I will get some fresh fruit when I go to the market tomorrow. YANLIŞ: I will get some fresh fruit when I will go to the market tomorrow. 1.7 Present plans for future activities: Using Intend,Plan,Hope Intend, plan and hope fiilleri, gelecekte yapacağımız eylemler için şu andaki düşüncelerimizi ifade ederler. Bu fiiler future tense ile asla kullanılmazlar.. Bu anlamı zaten taşırlar. • I intend to go to Bodrum . / I am intending to go to Bodrum. ( INCORRECT: I will intend to go to Bodrum) • I’m planning to buy another car this year./ I plan to buy another car this year. ( INCORRECT: I will plan to buy another car this year.) • I am hoping to finish the school this semester. / I hope to finish the school this semester. ( INCORRECT: I will hope to finish the school this semester.)

Simple present tense

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1.1 FORM OF SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE - YAPI a)  OLUMLU CÜMLELER : Affirmative (Positive) Sentences : I YOU WE THEY like hamburger. have luch at 12:00. do exercise every morning. HE SHE IT likes hamburger. has lunch at 12:00. does exercise every morning Kural 1: I, you, we, and they kişilerinden sonar fiillerin yalın halleri kullanılır. Kural 2: he, she it (3. tekil şahıs) den sonra fiillere -(e)s takısı eklenir. • Mary speaks English every day. • We watch TV every evening. • My girlsfriend writes a letter to me every week. • Sally and Tom study grammar on Wednesdays. • My father usually leaves home at 8 o’clock in the morning. b) Negative Sentences : OLUMSUZ CÜMLELER I YOU WE THEY don’t like hamburger. don’t have luch at 12:00. don’t do exercise every morning. HE SHE IT ldoesn’t like hamburger. doesn’t have lunch at 12:00 doesn’t do exercise every morning Simple present tense olumsuz cümlelerinde) “ DO and DOES” yardımcı fiilleri kullanılır. I, You, We They kişilerinden sonra DO NOT (DON’T) yardımcı fiili, ana fiilden once kullanılır. He, She, It kişilerinden sonar ise DOES NOT (DOESN’T) yardımcı fiili kullanılır; fiilere -(e)s takısı eklenmez. –(e)s takısı sadece olumlu cümlelerde 3. tekil şahıslardan sonar kullanılır. • Sam doesn’t know French. • It doesn’t snow in Egypt. • They don’t have breakfast every morning. • I don’t get up early on Sundays. • She doesn’t want to go to school this morning. • My mother doesn’t watch football matches on TV. • Mary and Jack don’t like ice cream. c) Question Sentences -  Soru Cümleleri DO I YOU WE THEY like hamburger ? have luch at 12:00 ? do exercise every morning ? DOES HE SHE IT like hamburger ? have lunch at 12:00 ? do exercise every morning ? Soru cümlelerinde, DO ve DOES yardımcı fiilleri cümlenin başında kullanılır. Fiillerin yalın halleri kullanılır: -(e)s takısı kullanılmaz. • Does Jane live in London? • Do you watch TV every evening? • Does your father read newspapers • Do you live in town or a city? • Does your boyfriend call you every evening? 1.2 3. TEKİL ŞAHISDA FİİLE EKLENEN  –S & - ES a) work – works talk – talks read – reads suggest – suggests b) write – writes believe – believes –s birçok fiilie doğrudan eklenir.. -e ile biten fiilere de –s takısı eklenir. c) -sh....... wash – washes d) –ch...... catch – catches e) –ss.......discuss – discusses f) –x ........fax – faxes g) –o ...... do – does –sh, -ch, -ss, -x, -o ile biten fiileler –es takısı alırlar.. h) - consonant + y: cry – cries fly – flies try – tries Eğer bir fiil , bir sessiz harften ( consonant) sonra gelen -y ile bitiyorsa,–y düşer ve fiile –ies eklenir. I) – vowel + -y : play - plays stay – stays pray – prays Eğer fiil sesli (vowel) bir harften sonra gelen –y ile bitiyorsa, -s taksı doğrudan eklenir. 1.3 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE NERELERDE KULLANILIR? a) Genel Gerçeklikler ile The present simple tense her zaman geçerli olan genel doğrular ve evrensel gerçeklerin anlatımında kullanılır. • The earth is round. • The earth goes around the sun. • Water freezes at 0 degrees. • Kangaroos live in Australia. • The sun sets in the West. • Most babies learn to speak when they are about two years old. • Water boils at 100° Celsius. • Trees lose their leaves in the fall. • Few people live to be 100 years old? • Wood floats on water. • Does it snow in the Sahara desert? • Do elephants live longer than humans? • Money doesn't guarantee happiness. • Flowers don't grow in winter. b) Alışkanlıklar ve huylardan bahsederken Simple Present Tense kullanılır. • She plays football but she doesn't play tennis. • For breakfast he eats rice and drinks cold milk. • She works very hard. • My friend hates fish. • I never drink coffee with milk. • I don't like horror films! • Do you smoke? c) Simple Present Tense düzenli olarak yaplan rutin eylemlerden bahsederken kullanılır. • I usually get up at 9 o’clock in the morning. • He goes to work by bus everyday. • Tim sometimes works till 10 pm in the evening. • The banks in Turkey open at 9:00 am and close at 5:00 pm. • The bus 29 arrives at the station at 8 o’clock in the morning. • It rains very often in the spring. • They go on vacation to Bodrum every summer. d) The present simple tense düşünce ve hisleri gösteren zihinsel aktivite fiilerinin şimdiki zamanda ifadesinde kullanılır. like love prefer know understand hate need want believe remember see hear taste smell look • I love lying in bed late on Sunday mornings. • I need to know the truth right now. • She says she doesn't know who did it, but I don't believe her. • He doesn't want to speak to you again. • This doesn't taste very good, does it? • Do you remember the first time we met? • Do you smell something funny? • Does he understand which way to go? e) The present simple tense fıkra ve hikaye anlatımlarında olayların daha güncel gözükmeleri için kullanılırSimple present tense’in bu kullanımına “graphic present” denir. The present simple aynı zamanda bir kitapta ya da filmde olanları anlatırken de kullanılır. • So in he walks with a parrot on his shoulder. • In his new film Robert Redford plays the part of a brave cowboy. f) The present simple planlanmış bir tarifeye bağlı, ya da kişilerin kontrolünde olmayan gelecek eylemlerinin anlatımında kullanılır. • Hurry up! The train departs in 5 minutes. • I leave Frankfurt at 5 in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the next day. • She has a piano lesson after school today. • There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 10 minutes. • When does the meeting begin? g) Direktif Verirken • Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water. • To start the machine,press the yellow button and turn the arrow to the right. h) Gazete ve Haber Başlıklarında • AND FENERBAHÇE BECOMES THE CHAMP ! • THE KILLER STRIKES AGAIN i) Törensel Anons, Duyuru • I pronounce you husband and wife! • I name this ship TITANIC! j) Simultane Tercüme & Maç Anlatımı • Sukur passes the ball to Berkamp! • Schumacher maintains his lead over the other racers. 1.4 Sıklık Zarflarının Kullanımı John always _________100% usually( generally) very often often (frequently) sometimes occasionally seldom rarely hardly never___________0% gets up early on Sunday mornings. a) Sıklık zarfları, eylemlerin ne sıklıkla yapıldıklarını göstermek için kullanılırlar. NOTE 1: Usually, sometimes and often cümlelerin başında ya da sonunda, vurgu için kullanılabilirler. Bu kullanım cümlenin anlamını doğrudan etkilemez. • Sometimes I go out with my friends in the evening. • Often she calls me at 10:00. • I get up late sometimes. NOTE 2: “seldom, rarely, hardly, never, sıklık zarfları cümlenin başında kullanıldığında, cümle devrik cümle yapısı alır; yani, soru cümlesi şeklinde yazılır. Cümlede anlamsal bir faklılık oluşmaz. • Rarely does she get up early on Sundays. • Hardly do I see her at the cafeteria. • Never does she smoke in public places b) Sıklık gösteren zarf öbekleri, cümlenin başında ya da sonunda kullanılabilir. Bu kullanım herhangi bir yapısal ya da anlamsal değişime yol açmaz. On Wednesdays Every Wednesday Once a week Twice a month Every summer Etc. she visits her aunt On Wednesdays Every Wednesday. Once a week Twice a month Every summer Etc. 1.5  Sıklık zarfları genellikle BE fiilinden sonra kullanılır. John is always _________100% usually( generally) very often often (frequently) sometimes occasionally seldom rarely hardly never___________0% late for work,

Simple past tense

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1.1 PAST FORM OF “BE”

POSITIVE SENTENCE	NEGATIVE SENTENCE	QUESTION SENTENCES
I He She was at home last night It	I He She wasn’t at home last night It	I he Was she at home last night? it
We You were at home last night. They	We You weren’t at home last night. They	we Were you at home last night? they

• Kate is here today, but she wasn’t here yesterday.
• I was in Canada last year.
• Were you in Istanbul five years ago?
• It is cold this week, but it was sunny last week.
• Where were you last Sunday?
• How was your exam?


1.2 FORM OF THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

a) Affirmative ( Positive) Sentences

I You He She It We You They

played football yesterday

studied English this morning
went to the cinema last night


Simple Past Tense olumlu cümlelerininde,özneden sonra V2 ( Fiillerin 2. halleri) kullanılır.
• I watched TV last night.
• The snow stopped a few minutes ago. Now the weather is nice.
• Linda came home very late last night.
• Last year I traveled to Japan.
• Hasan studied hard all year. He passed all his exams last week.
• Sally called the police yesterday because someone stole her car while she was at the supermarket.


b) Negative Sentences

You He She It We You They

did not didn’t

play football yesterday.
study english this morning.
go to the cinema last night.

Simple Past Tense olumsuz cümlelerinde, özneden sonra didn’t yardımcı fiili ve fiillerin yalın halleri( V1) kullanılır. V2 sadece olumlu cümlelerde kullanılır.

• I didn’t go to a movie last night. I stayed at home.
• Nick didn’t come to school yesterday.
• We didn’t have breakfast this morning.
• I went to a movie yesterday but I didn’t enjoy it.
• It didn’t rain yesterday.


c) Negative Sentences

Did

you he she it we you they

play football yesterday. study english this morning. go to the cinema last night.

Soru cümleleri yaparken , did yardımcı fiili özneden önce (cümle başında) kullanılır. Fiil yalın halde (V1) kullanılır.

• Did you sleep well last night?
• Did you see the postman this morning?
• Did Mary have a good time at the party yesterday?
• Did you make your own dinner last night.
• Did they understand the question?
• Did the children feed the birds in the park yesterday morning?

1.3 SPELLING OF -ED
END OF VERB ------- -ED FORM


RULE 1: A consonant + -e ----------- ADD -d
dance ----------- danced
erase ----------- erased
place ----------- placed

RULE 2: One vowel + One consonant ----------- Double the consonant and ADD – ed
plan ----------- planned
stop ------------ stopped


NOTE: Do not double w,and x
snow --------- snowed
fix --------- fixed


RULE 3: Two vowels + One Consonant ---------- ADD -ed ; do not double the consonant
rain --------- rained
need --------- needed

RULE 4: Two consonants -------- ADD –ed ; do not double the consonant
help--------- helped
add ------ added

RULE 5: Consonant + -y---------CHANGE –y TO –i, ADD –ed
Worry --------- worried
Reply --------- replied

RULE 6: Vowel + -y -------- ADD –ed; DO NOT CHANGE -y TO -i
play -------- played
stay --------- stayed


1.4 IRREGULAR VERBS

TAMAMLANACAK……………………………

1.5 USES OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

a) Completed Action In The past

Simple past tense bir eylemin geçmişte bilinen (specific) bir zamanda yapılıp, tamamlandığını gösterir. Simple Past Tense en çok bu amaç için kullanılır.

• I saw a movie yesterday.
• I didn’t go to work last Friday.
• Last year, I traveled to China.
• The World War II ended in 1945.
• She washed the dishes this morning.

b) A series of Completed Actions

Simple Past Tense geçmişte yapılmış bir dizi, ardışık eylemden bahsederken kullanılır.
• I finished work, went home, had a shower and went to bed early.
• He arrived from the airport at 9:00,checked into the hotel at 10:00, and met the others at 11:00.

c) Single Duration
Simple past tense geçmişte başlayıp ve bitmiş olan bir eylemin ne kadar süre ile yapıldığından bahsederken kullanılır. Eylemlerin şimdiki zamanda bir geçerliliği kalmamıştır.

• I lived in Istanbul for 5 years, from 1990 to 1995. ( I don’t live there anymore)
• Jane studied Chinese for 3 years.
• We talked on the phone for 30 minutes.
• How long did they wait for the bus?

d) Habits in the past
Simple past tense geçmişte düzenli olarak yapılan ,fakat artık geçerli olmayan eylem ve davranışlardan bahsederken kullanılır. Bu kullanım “ used to “ ile aynı anlamdadır. Bu anlatımlarda cümlelerde genellikle "often," "usually," "never," "...when I was a child" or "...when I was younger" gibi zarf yapıları yer alır..


• My father took me to the Luna park every Sunday.
• He played the piano whenever he was at home.
• He usually worked at a restaurant after school.



1.6 “BEFORE” and “AFTER” IN TIME CLAUSES

“Clause” içinde bir özne ve yüklemi bulunan bir cümle ya da cümlecik yapısıdır. Bazı clause ‘lar bütün olarak bir anlam içeren, bir tam cümle yapısındadır. Bunlara main clauses ( temel cümle) adı verilir. Örneğin;

• “I ate a sandwich.” = a main clause
• “She played tennis” = a main clause

Bazı clause’ lar after, before ve when gibi zaman zarfları (adverbs) ile başlarlar. Bu clause’ lar temel cümle değildirler ve tek başlarına bir anlam taşımazlar ; cümle yapısı içinde zaman referansı vermek amacı ile kullanılırlar. Bu clause’ lara time clauses (zaman bildiren yan cümle) adı verilir. Örneğin;

• “ before I went to school” = a time clause
• “after she finished her homework” = a time clause

Daha önce de belirtildiği gibi, zaman cümlecikleri ( time clause) tek başlarına tam bir cümle olmayıp,bir anlam taşımazlar ve sonuç olaral temel cümle( main clause) ile birlikte kullanılırlar. Bir zaman cümleciği (time clause), temel cümlenin ( main clause) önünde ya da arkasında kullanılabilir. Bu kullanımlar anlam farkına yol açmaz.


• I ate a sandwich before I went to school.

ya da,

• Before I went to school, I ate a sandwich.


• She played tennis after she finished her homework

ya da,

• After she finished her homework, she played tennis.


Time clause (zaman cümleciği), temel cümlenin ( main clause) önünde kullanıldığında, temel cümleden önce virgül kullanılır.

• After the children got home from school, they watched TV.
• Before we entered the cinema, we bought the tickets.
• I cleaned my room before my mother came home.
• After Sally ate dinner, she went to the library,
• Sally went to the library after she ate dinner.

1.7 “WHEN” IN TIME CLAUSES
Bazı zaman cümlecikleri (time clauses) WHEN ile başlarlar.

• When I was a child, I lived with my grandparents.
• I lived with my grandparents when I was a child.
• When I heard a strange sound, I turned on the lights.
• I turned on the lights when I heard a strange noise.

Her iki cümleciğin de ( time clause and main clause) fiilleri simple past ise, when clause’ daki eylem once olmuş demektir. Örneğin:

• When the phone rang, I answered it.

First :the phone phone rang
Second: I answered it

• The children went their homes when the rain started..

First: The rain started
Second: the children went their homes